What is Penetration Testing?

Penetration testing (pen testing) is an authorized simulated attack on a computer system to evaluate its security. The test identifies vulnerabilities, validates security controls, and provides evidence of potential business impacts from successful attacks.

Types of Pen Tests

By Knowledge Level

Black Box: No prior knowledge
Gray Box: Partial knowledge
White Box: Full knowledge and access

By Target

Network penetration testing
Web application testing
Mobile application testing
API testing
Social engineering
Physical security testing

Testing Methodology

1. Planning & Reconnaissance

Define scope and rules of engagement
Gather intelligence (OSINT)
Identify potential targets

2. Scanning & Enumeration

Port scanning
Vulnerability scanning
Service identification

3. Gaining Access

Exploit vulnerabilities
Bypass security controls
Establish foothold

4. Maintaining Access

Persistence mechanisms
Privilege escalation
Lateral movement

5. Analysis & Reporting

Document findings
Risk assessment
Remediation recommendations

Compliance Requirements

Many frameworks require pen testing:

PCI DSS (annual + after changes)
SOC 2 (common criteria)
HIPAA (risk assessment)
ISO 27001 (Annex A)